Occupation Gender Segregation and Start Charges within the U.S.

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When the going will get powerful, the weak noodle round with information.

I don’t know if I’ve seen anybody instantly evaluate the gender composition of girls’s occupations with their delivery charge within the U.S. earlier than. Should you’ve seen this, please let me know. If you need to look into it extra, be at liberty to have a look at the Stata information file and code for this train and use any of it that you simply discover helpful.

This makes use of the 2021-2023 American Group Survey information, which asks folks what their occupation is (together with their most up-to-date occupation if they aren’t presently employed), and whether or not they had a delivery within the earlier yr (for ladies). And a bunch of different demographic variables.

I begin with a pattern of all adults age 15-49, and calculate the p.c feminine inside every of 530 detailed occupations. Then I calculate the proportion of girls in every occupation who had a delivery within the earlier yr. That is the fundamental outcome:

There may be clear a optimistic relationship between the share of girls in an occupation and their probability of getting a delivery. Amongst giant occupations, these with highest birthrates — greater than 9% having a child up to now yr — are feminine dominated: Telemarketers (66% feminine), Optometrists (63%), Nurse practitioners (89%), Doctor assistants (71%), Private look staff (95%).

Close to the underside are some jobs with only a few girls, like Carpenters (3% feminine, 3% with a delivery) and Upkeep staff (5% feminine, 3% with a delivery). However some feminine dominated jobs have very low delivery charges, like restaurant hosts (82% feminine, 2.5% with a delivery). And smaller occupations scattered round. So there are different components at play, clearly.

To assist with the affect of different variables, I ran a logistic regression mannequin with controls for age, marital standing, variety of instances married, schooling stage, race/ethnicity, and nativity. Right here is the impact of occupation gender composition with these variables managed:

This exhibits a distinction of about 1 proportion level, with girls in essentially the most male-dominated occupations having youngsters at a charge of slightly below 5% per yr, and people in essentially the most female-dominated at slightly below 6% per yr. (The opposite variables carry out as anticipated, with highest delivery charges for ladies ages 25-29, these with much less schooling, those that are married (particularly for the second time), Black and Hispanic girls over White and Asian/PI girls, and foreign-born girls.)

One caveat is that some girls could have moved into their present occupation after the delivery in query; I can’t inform from the information. So if a carpenter stop or misplaced her long-time job final yr, then had a child and took a job as a telemarketer, I might erroneously let you know {that a} telemarketer had a child. The opposite drawback is I can’t use issues like partner/associate traits, earnings, or work hours, as a result of all these issues doubtless modified within the final yr for ladies who had infants, so it could be deceptive; I simply depart these variables out. There are higher datasets for issues like this, they simply have smaller and take longer to come back out.

I didn’t search for literature on this very arduous (which could have ruined my enjoyable), however I did discover an outdated article concerning the Netherlands exhibiting the identical sample. There may be a number of analysis on schooling ranges, fertility intentions, marriage, and labor power participation, however I didn’t see a lot about occupations.

Anyhow, if this can be a pure gender segregation impact (which is a stretch primarily based on this proof) it could be fascinating if one results of gender integration was a decline in delivery charges.

ADDENDUM

I opened the publish by saying “I don’t know if I’ve seen anyone directly compare the gender composition of women’s occupations with their birth rate in the U.S. before.” I say issues like this to speak that I’m not claiming my thought to be unique. It’s simply one thing that popped into my head yesterday – which makes it extremely unlikely to be unique. For a weblog publish, the duty to doc the mental lineage of an thought is, in my view, decreased. So as an alternative of litigating the originality, I simply disclaim priority.

Observe, nonetheless, I didn’t say that I’m not conscious of the concept that female-dominated occupations are one way or the other extra “family-friendly” and higher for moms. This has been a proof for occupational gender segregation for greater than 40 years, no less than since Polacheck proposed the concept that girls select occupations that don’t penalize their day trip of the labor power, thereby inflicting gender segregation. Certainly one of Paula England’s first very influential publications (1982!) was a debunking of that declare, when she wrote, “there is no evidence that plans for intermittent employment make women’s choice of traditionally female occupations economically rational.”

Since then, there have been hundreds of papers on how motherhood impacts wages and profession outcomes, and the way childbearing can have an effect on occupational alternative, and the way “family friendly” insurance policies cut back work-family battle, and why versatile skilled jobs with extra linear returns to hours labored — principally, pharmacists, within the work of Goldin and colleagues — entice girls. In any case this, although, it’s nonetheless not a protected assumption that ladies are concentrated in family-friendly occupations.

I’ve added a label for pharmacists to the determine above: 64% feminine, 7.4 births per hundred girls, together with optometrists (63%, 10.8). Observe Goldin is principally solely involved with faculty graduates, but when somebody had been extra within the idea typically they may wish to argue that telemarketing jobs are tremendous mother-friendly (66% feminine, 11.7 births per hundred). Versatile hours! Earn a living from home! Do we would like extra jobs like this?

Which brings me to a number of critiques I heard on social media, responding to the clickbait line I used to advertise the publish: “What if gender integration lowers birth rates.” One particular person wrote, “In our current environment, this gives fodder to the claim that women should stay out of predominantly male occupations or should not work at all. Without addressing these issues, you’re helping enemies of women’s liberation.” One other prompt privately that, “a simple correlation between gender segregation and fertility could be seen as justification for further segregation.”

I admire the priority, nevertheless it’s not the job of feminists to spice up delivery charges, or to advertise occupational gender segregation. Possibly I ought to have reverse-coded my remark to say, “What if gender segregation raises birth rates.” Which means precisely the identical factor, however would it not have raised considerations?

After all, gender integration DOES decrease delivery charges – and gender segregation raises them – if you happen to take any type of historic perspective. In fashionable economies, girls entered new occupations, had extra rewarding, extra unbiased careers, and had fewer youngsters. This. Is. Good. Don’t let the pronatalists persuade you in any other case. If they need extra youngsters to labor in help of their AI machines, they will simply open the borders. (However what they really need is White supremacy and eugenics.)

Lastly, if we’ve got realized something within the final month, it contains this: the forces of response don’t want, and are not looking for, social science analysis to justify their evil ends. And so they don’t learn. So I’m not too frightened that my weblog publish goes to extend gender segregation.

—

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