Droughts Are Getting Worse. Is Fog-Farming a Repair?

By Matt Simon, Grist

“This story was originally published by Grist. Sign up for Grist’s weekly newsletter here.”

Town of Alto Hospicio, in Chile’s Atacama Desert, is without doubt one of the driest locations on Earth. And but its inhabitants of 140,000 continues to balloon, placing mounting stress on close by aquifers that haven’t been recharged by rain in 10,000 years. However Alto Hospicio, like so many different coastal cities, is wealthy in an untapped water useful resource: fog.

New analysis finds that by deploying fog collectors — advantageous mesh stretched between two poles — within the mountains round Alto Hospicio, the town may harvest a median of two.5 liters of water per sq. meter of netting every day. Giant fog collectors value between $1,000 and $4,500 and measure 40 sq. meters, so only one positioned close to Alto Hospicio may seize 36,500 liters of water a yr with out utilizing any electrical energy, in line with a paper revealed on Thursday within the journal Frontiers in Environmental Science.

By inserting the collectors above city — the place the altitude is right for exploiting the area’s predictable band of fog — water would move downhill in pipelines by the ability of gravity. In order that preliminary funding for collectors would hold paying liquid dividends yr after yr. “If you’re pumping water from the underground, you will need a lot of energy,” mentioned Virginia Carter Gamberini, a geographer and assistant professor at Chile’s Universidad Mayor and co-lead writer of the paper. “From that perspective, it’s a very cheap technology.”

It’s a easy concept that’s already in use all over the world. Fog is only a cloud that touches the bottom. Like a puffy cloud increased within the ambiance, it teems with tiny water droplets that collect within the mesh of a fog collector, dripping right into a trough that runs right into a tank. Communities throughout South America, Africa, and Asia have been deploying these collectors, although on very small scales in comparison with different strategies like pumping groundwater.

So why haven’t cities expanded their use? For one, if a area will get rain, that quantity of water is way increased than what may be extracted from fog, and communities can retailer that rainfall in reservoirs. Fog assortment additionally requires fixed consideration, because the units can break in fierce winds, requiring repairs.

The economics are tough, too. Water stays very low-cost in locations with trendy infrastructure, disincentivizing fog assortment, mentioned Daniel Fernandez, an environmental scientist at California State College, Monterey Bay who research the know-how however wasn’t concerned within the new paper. “They’re going to catch a few gallons, if you’re lucky, in a day,” mentioned Fernandez, who additionally based an organization that installs collectors. “That’s kind of cool to get that much from fog. But how much is that going to cost you to turn on your tap and get that much?”

The funding is extra engaging the place water is scarcer and subsequently dearer, Fernandez mentioned. As local weather change makes droughts extra intense, communities struggling to get sufficient water may discover the economics make sense. Supplementing aquifers, reservoirs, and different established sources with fog would assist a area diversify its water system, in case one in every of them dries up or will get contaminated. Alto Hospicio can’t simply depend on its aquifers, since they’re not being replenished by rain. “Without thinking outside the box, including fog harvesting, that solution places a limit on how long human habitation can exist there,” mentioned Michael Kiparsky, director of the Wheeler Water Institute on the College of California, Berkeley, who wasn’t concerned within the new paper.

Dense cities, although, could wrestle to deploy fog collectors in comparison with the countryside. “The wind load on a fog collector is like that on the sail of a sailing ship,” mentioned Robert S. Schemenauer, govt director of FogQuest, a Canadian nonprofit that advises on assortment tasks. “It has to be very strongly anchored. Therefore, placing it on the building could lead to building damage or material ending up on the street below.”

Past ingesting water, utilizing the fog for hydroponic farming may assist Alto Hospicio and different parched communities develop their very own meals. Gamberini is already doing extra analysis elsewhere within the Atacama to increase this type of farming, rising tomatoes, lettuce, and different crops with fog water and bountiful desert daylight.

Even in the USA, the place water is relatively low-cost, gardeners are experimenting with fog collectors. Peter Weiss, an atmospheric chemist on the College of California, Santa Cruz, has been putting in them in Pacifica, simply south of San Francisco. Within the summertime, fog can present sufficient water to maintain a house’s established crops with out turning on the hose.

For Weiss’ subsequent challenge, he desires to convey fog assortment to California’s vineyards. “That could be a way to make it more sustainable, less water intensive,” he mentioned. “At first I hated fog because it’s so dreary. But then I started collecting it, and I loved it.”

This text initially appeared in Grist at https://grist.org/local weather/droughts-solutions-fog-farming-desert/.

Grist is a nonprofit, impartial media group devoted to telling tales of local weather options and a simply future. Study extra at Grist.org

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This Story Was Initially Revealed by Grist.

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