Getting Rewilding Proper With the Reintroduction of Small Wildcats

By Sean Mowbray

4 lynx had been illegally launched in Scotland earlier this yr by an unknown occasion, sparking condemnation. One of many cats died shortly after seize. That launch comes amid long-running discussions of a attainable reintroduction of this wildcat to the UK.
Conservationists are working to reintroduce small cats throughout the globe. There are about 40 acknowledged species of wildcats, together with a handful of charismatic large cats and at the very least 33 small wildcat species — with among the most threatened felid species numbering amongst them.
Mongabay spoke to consultants engaged on small cat restoration initiatives in varied phases of progress to grasp what could make small cat reintroductions profitable.
Small wildcat reintroductions are presently underway or into consideration on the Iberian Peninsula, in Scotland, Argentina, Taiwan, Brazil, South Africa, Thailand and elsewhere.

For the briefest second earlier this yr, the Eurasian lynx — extinct within the U.Okay. for 1000’s of years — returned to the wild in Scotland. However this launch wasn’t scientifically deliberate. Fairly, it was an unlawful act that drew condemnation from authorities and conservationists alike. Although the 4 lynx had been swiftly captured; one died shortly after. Following the unlawful launch, Scottish First Minister John Swinney dominated out a authorized reintroduction of lynx (Lynx lynx), or different giant carnivores, below his authorities.

“Acting illegally and without consultation is extremely damaging to the cause of conservation and well-planned releases,” says Helen Senn, head of conservation and science packages on the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland. “I think [the illegal release] will really undermine the trust of stakeholders like farmers and landowners [involved] in the process that conservationists go through … to get releases approved.”

Senn is a part of a authorized rewilding venture that goals to revive the Scottish wildcat (Felis silvestris), additionally affectionately dubbed the “Highland tiger” by the Scottish folks, although it’s not a lot greater than a home cat. This venture is supported and funded by the Scottish authorities so will likely be unaffected by Swinney’s current assertion barring giant carnivore reintroductions.

The Scottish wildcat — a subpopulation of the European wildcat that arrived on what’s at this time the island of Britain on the finish of the final ice age 9,000 years in the past, and which has remained remoted from mainland populations — was declared “functionally extinct” in 2018 largely on account of inbreeding with home cats.

An alliance of conservationist organizations led by the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland has to this point launched 28 captive-bred Scottish wildcats within the area of two years. Throughout that point, launched cats have birthed at the very least 24 kittens within the wild. That preliminary achievement has in flip spawned “a huge amount of positivity” concerning future success, Senn says.

“The survival and reproduction rate at this early stage is really quite good,” she notes. “It can be very challenging to get carnivore releases off to a good start and establish a population. And we’re really starting to do that.”

Rewilding small wildcats: An underutilized software?

The Scottish wildcat isn’t alone. Mongabay spoke to conservationists engaged in small wildcat reintroductions on three continents to grasp how one can get these tough initiatives off the bottom and guarantee achievement of the long-term aim of restoring small wild felid populations amid quickly altering trendy landscapes and human communities.

A lot media reporting and most of the people have hooked up an alluring aura to those reintroductions, trumpeting a species’ profitable return to the wild as an attractive conservation goal, and representing it as a simple approach to put a broken ecosystem again collectively.

However there’s nothing simple about it, say these concerned. As an alternative, it’s a monumental, pricey, paperwork-heavy endeavor requiring painstaking planning, and sometimes involving years of groundwork earlier than a single cage door is opened and a wild animal bolts out.

Carnivore reintroductions come riddled with difficulties, with felids specifically inflicting consternation and strident opposition amongst those that reside in shut proximity to them. Whereas the seven large cat species deliver heightened fears of assaults on people, small cat species issues usually focus on poultry predation and could be vital for native communities, says Axel Moehrenschlager, director of the small cats program and conservation translocation at wildcat conservation NGO Panthera.

Translocations or reintroductions have been carried out for greater than 3,000 species, in response to Moehrenschlager, with small cats accounting for a small quantity. “It’s fascinating that as you look at cats — which are popular species among [many] cultures — people are not necessarily engaged in that many conservation translocations, especially for some of the most threatened species.”

That mentioned, efforts are underway to reintroduce small cats to the wild the place they’ve been misplaced. That features the return of ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) to Argentina and the United States; southern tiger cats (Leopardus guttulus) and margays (Leopardus wiedii) to Santa Catarina island in Brazil; the black-footed cat (Felis nigripes) to areas of South Africa; clouded leopards (Neofelis diardi) to Taiwan; and presumably the endangered flat-headed cat (Prionailurus planiceps) to Thailand.

Moehrenschlager says profitable groundbreaking initiatives, such because the return of the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) and Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Europe, are offering a stable basis of expertise for the reintroduction of smaller felines elsewhere. “On the other hand, perhaps this tool is underutilized for small cats,” he says.

The Iberian lynx success: ‘A matter of passion and commitment’

Within the early 2000s, the Iberian lynx was declared critically endangered, as numbers fell to fewer than 100 mature people within the wild, scattered throughout southern Andalucia in Spain, and extinct in neighboring Portugal. However in 2024, after greater than 20 years of methodically bolstering populations within the wild and restoring prey populations of rabbits decimated by illness, the IUCN declared a “dramatic recovery” and downgraded the lynx’s conservation standing to susceptible. Immediately, an estimated 2,000 Iberian lynx roam Spain and Portugal.

That’s definitely trigger for celebration, says Astrid Vargas, who led the Iberian lynx captive-breeding program as much as 2010 and authored a e book on the venture. “It’s the product of the passion and commitment of many teams of people, and also the support from government organizations,” she says. “There’s a lot behind the success of the Iberian lynx reintroduction.”

Throughout the 2000s, conservationists started tackling the panoply of threats the species confronted — addressing searching, creating habitat connectivity, and crucially, restoring European rabbits, the lynx’s main prey. A captive-breeding venture promised elevated numbers within the wild, nevertheless it wasn’t till 2010 that considered one of these cats positioned a tentative paw within the Iberian wild.

Even then, “This experience was not exported to other regions of Spain and Portugal until four years later,” says Miguel Simon, who led the reintroduction for practically 20 years and is now retired. Portugal’s first launch got here two years later, in 2016.

This lengthy sport has provided up beneficial classes for conservationists continents away. In South America, wildlife consultants are adopting Iberian lynx pre-release methods, and adapting them to ocelot reintroductions in Argentina. As a result of Latin American conservationists lack a historical past of translocation (the transferring of animals from the place they’re within the wild, to the place they aren’t), these researchers are counting on ocelots sourced from zoos or rehabilitation facilities — that means the small cats should learn to reside within the wild, says Sebastián Di Martino, conservation director at Rewilding Argentina.

Although the Iberian lynx offers a profitable reintroduction template, conservationists know subject situations can evolve quickly. Simon, for instance, notes that infectious rabbit illness nonetheless poses a menace to Iberian lynx survival, necessitating very shut surveillance. The strengthening of lynx habitat connectivity can be ongoing, with a particular deal with corridors between populations in Spain and Portugal. That the work of reintroduction is ongoing for a few years after the ultimate small cat’s launch is in itself is a beneficial takeaway, say consultants.

“This gives us hope, not only for the lynx, but for many other species,” says Vargas. “But at the same time, we should not lower our guard because we are on this fine line between vulnerable and going back to endangered.”

Constructing a foundation for profitable reintroductions

Consultants record a number of stipulations for a profitable reintroduction venture, with group and native stakeholder buy-in foremost amongst them.

Senn says it’s important to speak and hearken to individuals who will reside alongside a reintroduced species. In Scotland, work continues to reduce incidents of launched wildcats preying on poultry and sport birds, by way of the constructing of cat-proof pens, a tactic generally employed by small cat conservationists worldwide. Additionally necessary are efforts to neuter and vaccinate feral home cats towards illness, which reduces unfold to wildcats.

Rewilding Argentina devoted a number of years of assist to communities making a shift from an area financial system dominated by cattle ranching to at least one devoted to ecotourism. This alteration in livelihoods and perspective enabled the return of a number of species, together with jaguars (Panthera onca).

It’s hoped comparable success could be discovered for the ocelot, however an preliminary launch of two cats final yr bumped into issue. One among Rewilding Argentina’s male cats died inside a month of launch, presumably on account of snakebite, whereas the GPS collar failed on a feminine; her destiny is unknown. Regrettably, mortality and different setbacks of this sort will not be unusual.

“When cats are released into the wild, there’s a steep learning curve they need to undergo, because they must become efficient hunters,” Senn explains. Two of the legally launched Scottish wildcats died — one on account of hunger, the opposite in a highway accident — whereas a 3rd went lacking after its telemetry sign failed.

A swift, inventive response to such challenges is vital to success, says Jake Ivan, a wildlife analysis scientist at Colorado Parks and Wildlife. On the outset of Colorado’s Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) launch within the late Nineties and early 2000s, numerous deaths on account of highway accidents, hunger and different causes prompted a change in ways.

“We took a pause and talked to a lot of folks, then readjusted and came up with a different … release protocol,” he says. “I think you always need to be monitoring and reflecting on how things are going and have the ability to adjust.”

Science to the fore

One other prerequisite for fulfillment: Reintroductions have to be underpinned by stable science, say conservationists. This contains detailed habitat surveys to find out preferrred launch websites, together with shut monitoring of websites earlier than and after launch.

Simon credit the Iberian lynx venture’s success to scientific analysis carried out effectively earlier than releases started, following IUCN reintroduction pointers.

One other linchpin of any reintroduction is the enterprise of thorough genetic research, says José Godoy, a researcher on the Doñana Organic Station in Spain. These research assess which animals ought to breed to maximise genetic range within the wild. Godoy additionally emphasizes that initiatives ought to guarantee reintroduced populations have habitat connectivity, and don’t encounter a genetic bottleneck or undergo inbreeding.

Researchers are at present creating the groundwork for a possible return of the clouded leopard to Taiwan. That reintroduction dialog is ongoing, says Yifeng Wang with the College of Oxford’s WildCRU, and deep scientific data continues to be missing. To this point, researchers have performed an preliminary habitat evaluation they usually plan to publish a research on prey availability.

“We want to make sure there is [sufficient] habitat, corridor connectivity, and prey that will be suitable for the clouded leopard in Taiwan,” Wang says. “Once we confirm this, I think that’s the time we can start to discuss whether we can bring this species back.”

That work shouldn’t finish as soon as animals are launched, as additional analysis can illuminate potential and unconsidered threats more likely to be encountered after a reintroduced inhabitants is established. A 2025 research, for instance, examined threats to Colorado’s already reintroduced Canada lynx inhabitants. Extirpated within the Nineteen Seventies, that U.S. inhabitants is now estimated at round 75 to 100 people, after a reintroduction program begun within the late ’90s translocated lynx from neighboring Canada.

Thus far, the Colorado researchers have used monitoring knowledge gathered from digicam traps, GPS monitoring and different sources to map core habitat areas predominantly utilized by lynx. Additionally they realized that extra frequent, high-severity fires linked to local weather change are one of many main threat components to this lynx-friendly habitat, trumping different lynx habitat threats together with insect outbreaks and human actions. That’s as a result of the small cats are likely to keep away from burned-over areas till the vegetation grows again, which may take many years.

“The reason we were able to refine the conservation focus is that we had high quality location data,” explains John Squires, a wildlife biologist at Rocky Mountain Analysis Station. “The role of research was central to conservation here.”

A small cat renaissance with nice advantages

As with all small cat analysis, ample ongoing funding can be a serious problem, particularly as a result of reintroductions include a excessive price ticket. It’s estimated that as little as 1-3% of all wildcat funding goes to small cat conservation. On condition that, consultants Mongabay spoke to emphasise that defending remaining small cat populations within the wild is more likely to be simpler and much inexpensive than returning them as soon as they’re gone.

Listed as essentially the most threatened wildcat on the earth, the Iberian lynx benefited from thousands and thousands of euros in funding early on. Huge sums alone had been spent on restoring Spain’s disease-decimated rabbit populations, says Simon. The newest venture section, working from 2020 to 2025 with the aim of enhanced connectivity, acquired greater than 18 million euros ($18.8 million) in funding. Scotland’s wildcat rewilding venture has price round 6 million kilos ($7.6 million) over the past two years.

Restoring the Iberian lynx merely wouldn’t have occurred with out sustained assist from a number of companions and donors, says Simon. For him, a reintroduction is a “long-distance race” that must be sustained scientifically and financially to succeed. It’s “not an action that can be started and abandoned after a few years,” he says, and “It must be carried through to the end. And for this reason it is necessary to have guaranteed political support.”

And what, finally, is the worth of bringing small cats again to the wild? It’s a path to restoring ecological functioning, says Moehrenschlager, nevertheless it’s additionally far more than that. Amid the escalating biodiversity disaster and the incessant, discouraging barrage of species extinctions, profitable reintroductions can push again towards environmental apathy, he says. Reintroduced small cats can be efficient ambassadors for ecosystems and rewilding. They usually supply beacons of hope, particularly in societies which have robust cultural hyperlinks to felids.

Then there’s the easy pleasure of recognizing a small wildcat whereas on a forest stroll.

“If we can show that small wildcats (which are very similar to the domestic cats that so many of us have in our homes) can be restored … and can be brought back against all odds, that can be profoundly inspirational for … conservation in general,” he says.

Again in Scotland, the early phases of reintroduction supply renewed hope that the Highland tiger will at some point once more thrive alongside folks. “What we’re hoping to achieve is a population that’s viable and able to look after itself without any human intervention,” says Senn. “We all know from excellent projects like the Iberian lynx project that it can take a long time. We’re in this for the long haul, and we know that it’s going to take probably years of concerted effort to truly be successful.”

If conservationists triumph in Scotland, Argentina, Taiwan and elsewhere, it is going to be as a result of they’ve dutifully realized from, and traveled alongside, roughly the identical trails blazed by different small cat researchers — following the paw prints of profitable reintroductions that got here earlier than them.

Citations:

Squires, J. R., Olson, L. E., Ivan, J. S., McDonald, P. M., & Holbrook, J. D. (2025). Anthropogenically protected however naturally disturbed: A specialist carnivore at its southern vary periphery. Biodiversity and Conservation, 34, 401-427. doi:10.1007/s10531-024-02978-8

Wang, Y., Kaszta, Ż., Cushman, S. A., Chiang, P., Macdonald, D. W., & Hearn, A. J. (2024). A multi-scale, multivariate habitat choice mannequin demonstrates excessive potential for the reintroduction of the clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa to Taiwan. Oryx, 1-4. doi:10.1017/s0030605324000802

Kleinman-Ruiz, D., Soriano, L., Casas-Marce, M., Szychta, C., Sánchez, I., Fernández, J., & Godoy, J. A. (2019). Genetic analysis of the Iberian lynx ex situ conservation programme. Heredity, 123(5), 647-661. doi:10.1038/s41437-019-0217-z

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