Minnesota Autism Activist on Cash, Energy and What Particular Ed Youngsters Actually Want

By Beth Hawkins, The 74

This story first appeared at The 74, a nonprofit information website overlaying training. Join free newsletters from The 74 to get extra like this in your inbox.

A decade in the past, in an effort to rapidly develop early intervention for autistic kids, officers in Minnesota — lengthy a pacesetter in offering incapacity help — created a program supposed, amongst different issues, to easy reimbursement for households. Partially, the aim was to encourage the proliferation of well being care suppliers, therapists and different individuals geared up to work with autistic kids throughout important levels of improvement.

It labored. Reimbursements rose from $1.7 million in state funds to 41 suppliers in 2017 to just about $400 million to 328 suppliers in state and Medicaid funds via the Early Intensive Developmental and Behavioral Intervention profit in 2023.

Most of these new facilities engaged in utilized habits evaluation. ABA is an intensive habits modification method that goals to make autistic kids act extra like their usually growing friends by “extinguishing” sure traits via compliance with particular repeated instructions. (A 74 investigation final 12 months demonstrated that there isn’t any dependable information to indicate the remedy works, and that it could really trigger hurt to sufferers.)

Final 12 months, the FBI started investigating whether or not a few of these remedy facilities have defrauded Medicaid, billing for providers by no means supplied. Although investigators haven’t stated what number of for-profit facilities they’re wanting into or who their purchasers are, many are believed to enroll the youngsters of East African immigrants, who’re significantly weak due to the dearth of culturally acceptable providers. There are additionally indications the alleged fraudsters might have ties to defendants within the nation’s largest pandemic aid assist scandal, by which nonexistent meals distribution websites supposedly created to supply kids with meals throughout COVID-related college closures billed the state for tons of of hundreds of thousands of {dollars}.

Because the 2025 legislative session will get underway, state lawmakers are holding hearings on proposals to tighten oversight. A lot of the testimony has centered on creating requirements to require providers to be supplied by licensed professionals in protected settings. However some autism advocates have expressed concern that these requirements will entrench ABA because the dominant strategy — one which, amongst different issues, is changing different particular training providers in colleges — as an alternative of supporting options that they are saying are simpler and humane.

A kind of who testified is Native American writer and activist Jules Edwards, the autistic mother or father of three autistic youth, ages 11, 19 and 21, and a member of the Anishinaabe Eagle Clan. After introducing herself in Ojibwe, she informed a state Senate committee that ABA is just not a remedy, however “a specific methodology that was created by the same people that created gay conversion therapy.”

Proper now, suppliers will not be required to be licensed; are allowed to explain staff who might have solely a highschool diploma as therapists; and will not be held to the identical security requirements as even dwelling day care facilities, Edwards testified. “Despite the ABA industry lobbying for more power over the autism community, they need their power restricted until they can prove with empirical and independent evidence that they are doing what they claim they are doing” when it comes to offering efficient, protected providers.

Edwards not too long ago expanded on her testimony in an interview with The 74. This dialog has been edited for size and readability.

What motivated you to testify?

When my kids have been recognized with autism, I threw myself into analysis. I realized about autism and I realized about interventions. I realized from professionals, mother and father and autistic adults that autism is a social, communication and sensory incapacity, and never a behavioral dysfunction. I realized that utilized habits evaluation is a habits modification program that requires autistic kids to suppress their pure means of being so as to please the adults round them.

That didn’t make sense to me. Why wouldn’t we wish to handle any underlying wants first? Sometimes, autistic children particularly must study the why, as a result of we’re bottom-up learners. We like to assemble details about issues earlier than taking motion. However ABA requires a top-down, authoritative strategy, the place autistic kids will not be allowed to ask why. They’re required to adjust to authority, and that poses a lifelong hazard to that baby.

Testifying was a possibility to focus on the fraud, waste and abuse that occurs throughout the ABA business. American taxpayers pay billions of {dollars} per 12 months to counterpoint personal fairness buyers underneath the guise of an autism remedy that works. Nonetheless, ABA isn’t a remedy, and it hasn’t been confirmed to enhance high quality of life.

The Division of Protection’s 2020 Complete Autism Care Demonstration Annual Report reported that 76% of kids in ABA confirmed no enchancment after one 12 months, 16% had improved, however 9% have been worse after a 12 months of remedy. That actually brings into query the cost-effectiveness of ABA. Once we’re speaking about fraud and waste of Medicaid {dollars} or taxpayer {dollars} typically, we have to be sincere concerning the precise outcomes.

However there’s little oversight. The state doesn’t require well being and security procedures, habits steering, requirements, first assist, CPR. They aren’t required to have a psychological well being response, disaster response or suicide intervention plan. They don’t have to supply culturally responsive remedy practices.

A 5-year-old baby was simply killed in an explosion in a hyperbaric chamber in an unaccredited ABA middle in Troy, Michigan. The chamber exploded with the kid inside, and he handed away. We all know that hyperbaric chambers aren’t really a remedy or treatment for autism or something like that. It’s not authorized by the FDA. If there was oversight, if there was licensing, if there have been security necessities that prevented this type of various remedy it may have saved that boy’s life.

The state’s on-line description suggests “modern” ABA has largely stopped utilizing punishments to discourage sure behaviors. However I’ve heard mother and father and autistic adults who’ve skilled ABA say it’s nonetheless coercive. Are you able to give us an instance?

Deliberate ignoring, which is a method utilized in ABA, mainly denies the humanity of the kid who’s subjected to it. Once we’re kids, whether or not you’re autistic or not, and also you’re hanging out with one other child, and the opposite child is pretending you don’t even exist, it’s dehumanizing. However now, inside ABA, the adults do this to the youngsters.

Say a baby is throwing a toy that they shouldn’t be throwing. They is probably not hurting anyone. They could be throwing it as a result of they just like the sound. It might be stimming [the term for a repetitive sound or motion an autistic person may use for emotional regulation or to express joy]. It might be something. The grownup doesn’t need the kid to play with the toy that means.

They could strive different interventions earlier than deliberate ignoring, however then the kid is being ignored utterly, whether or not the kid is making an attempt to achieve the eye of the habits tech or not. This may trigger elevated “behaviors” of the kid escalating, making an attempt to achieve that focus. However irrespective of how a lot the kid tries, the grownup is just not going to offer in.

We are able to see how irritating that should be, significantly if that’s a baby who could also be scuffling with communication and will not say, ‘Hey, I really want to play ball right now.’ That child is possibly unable to ask for what they need, or the best way that they’re asking is a habits that the habits tech doesn’t like.

Is there a hazard that because the state creates requirements and licensing procedures to guard kids, it can additional codify this business because the dominant remedy?

Completely. ABA is at the moment the dominant remedy. They’ve lobbyists. They completely can persuade legislators to additional empower the business. As a result of they’ve essentially the most cash, they’ve essentially the most energy proper now.

Lots of the analysis about ABA, claiming it’s the gold normal remedy, and so on., is funded by and carried out by the individuals who revenue from it. We have to ensure that resolution makers are taking a look at details and information and knowledge that isn’t that doesn’t contain a battle of curiosity. It’s actually necessary that we discuss with exterior, impartial researchers, just like the Division of Protection examine.

There was a push at one level for board-certified habits therapists [credentialed ABA supervisors] in Minnesota to have the ability to diagnose autism. They’d then be capable of enroll these kids of their providers. That’s harmful, as a result of kids who want a prognosis must go to an precise medical skilled and produce other situations dominated out. They have to be evaluated for potential co-occurring situations, and so on. If a habits therapist is ready to diagnose autism, however they’ll’t diagnose anything, then all of that baby’s underlying situations or further situations could also be ignored.

If my kids didn’t have full-team neuropsych evaluations, I wouldn’t learn about their studying disabilities, and I wouldn’t know methods to present help. I wouldn’t know methods to advocate for my kids at school. My baby was punished for his writing incapacity till we realized, via that neuropsych analysis, there’s a dysgraphia difficulty. So let’s present writing prompts. Let’s present help for writing. Let’s present diversifications and assistive expertise. If he solely had an autism prognosis, that might have been met with behaviorism, he would have been rewarded for doing properly, punished for struggling, and he wouldn’t have had entry to the instruments that he wants.

There are positively different therapies that don’t have that very same degree of affect however could also be simpler, could also be extra humanizing. Lots of these will not be as broadly out there.

Many children spend half or or all of their day in an ABA middle reasonably than in a faculty the place their studying can be attended to.

It’s an issue that begins in preschool. Youngsters are sometimes pushed out of public colleges when a faculty or preschool doesn’t have the information or assets to take care of the kid. They are saying, “Maybe this isn’t the best fit for you.” That’s one thing that my household has heard from our native public college. That’s not likely a factor {that a} particular training director ought to be saying to any household, and we ought to be involved concerning the people who find themselves most marginalized in our communities. When these children are excluded from public colleges, mother and father are sometimes left with only a few choices.

ABA facilities market themselves as with the ability to assist kids to achieve abilities and turn out to be extra impartial. But when that have been so, why isn’t inclusion in public colleges the last word aim of ABA facilities? ABA facilities will not be colleges. They’re not accredited to supply training. There are only a few ABA facilities which have transition paths or targets for youths to maneuver out of ABA and into mainstream colleges. As an alternative, many kids stay in ABA, typically all through highschool, disadvantaged of the chance to study what their friends are studying. It’s a type of instructional neglect.

Youngsters in ABA typically aren’t allowed to study essentially the most basic items. For instance, [behavior therapists] typically dissuade spelling to speak, which signifies that they’re not encouraging autistic children in ABA to even study the alphabet. They aren’t taught literacy, they aren’t taught math, they aren’t taught historical past. That’s unhappy and scary, as a result of then when these kids develop up, all they’ve realized methods to do is adjust to authority.

There was a listening to a few days after yours the place plenty of East African mother and father testified concerning the situations that compelled them to reap the benefits of ABA. There’s a component of desperation, when it comes to a scarcity of options, that should be clouding the image.

It’s a tragic actuality that there’s a historical past right here in Minnesota of individuals preying on immigrant communities. For instance, in 2017 there have been 75 instances of measles recognized within the Somali inhabitants in Hennepin County alone, a results of anti-vaxxers who noticed a possibility to push their narrative that vaccines trigger autism. They focused immigrant communities with fearmongering ways.

The ABA business pushes itself onto mother and father by claiming to be the one hope for his or her kids. I’m very involved that advertising targets immigrant communities with out sharing balanced data that can assist mother and father make knowledgeable selections for his or her households. I’m anxious concerning the situations by which ABA is the one choice.

Lots of the time, mother and father are in a determined state of affairs the place it’s like, “I have to go to work to pay the bills, and I have to have a place for my child to be that is safe and supervised.” And as an alternative of lobbying for inclusion, for acceptable help and providers in colleges, we’re saying, “Well, this kid can go to ABA instead.”

That’s not good for anybody, as a result of inclusion advantages all of us. Inclusion advantages abled and usually growing individuals simply as a lot because it advantages disabled individuals. I believe we are able to see that proper now in our present political local weather, the place it’s been so normalized to “other” individuals. That causes hurt to all of us.

ABA is problematic in your tradition.

I’m Anishinabe. ABA may by no means meet my wants as a Native individual. “Culturally responsive” basically means to adapt providers to satisfy the wants and values of an individual’s tradition. Some cultures, significantly settler-colonial tradition, values assimilation. Settler-colonial tradition prefers when individuals mix in and are agreeable to authority. ABA is rooted in that.

Behaviorism seeks to regulate an individual’s habits with the carrots-and-sticks analogy. We reward the issues we wish to see, we punish the issues that we don’t wish to see. All of us do get rewarded for doing sure actions, and all of us may probably be punished by different actions.

But it surely’s not the identical micro-management of habits — you’ll be able to solely talk the best way I would like you to speak. You’ll be able to solely expertise your senses the best way I would like you to expertise your senses. You’ll be able to solely socialize the best way that I’ve decided is a sound means of being.

There’s the stereotype that autistic individuals don’t make eye contact, however that eye contact is a cultural phenomenon. Not each tradition thinks eye contact is that this great point. Some cultures discover it disrespectful, however ABA doesn’t all the time take that under consideration. It’s decided by the [therapists], not essentially the kid and their household and their tradition.

We must always all have some self-determination with how we use our our bodies. If I’m not hurting anybody else, I ought to be capable of stim. If I talk greatest by writing, that ought to be inspired, and I ought to be supplied help and instruments to try this. Quite than what occurs typically in ABA, the place mother and father are informed, “This will help your child speak,” however it’s not speech remedy.

One in all my kids didn’t converse till he was just a little bit older. Beginning when he was about 2, he would use one or two phrases right here and there, however he wouldn’t mix them. It was powerful, as a result of on the time, we didn’t have a prognosis, we didn’t have any type of speech language remedy. As a mother or father, I relied on very fundamental signal language. And I used to be thrilled as a result of I may talk with my child whether or not he was utilizing mouth phrases or not. Do I want that we had speech language pathology on the time? Sure, completely, that might have been nice. However we didn’t. I believe that if we had pushed that individual baby into utilizing mouth phrases, I believe it might have constructed resentment.

Now he can converse, however his most popular language now’s music, which is actually cool as a result of he’s a musician. Music is a extremely robust cultural observe that’s conventional for Anishinaabe individuals or Ojibwe individuals. It’s therapeutic for us, one thing that we love. Why don’t we encourage that, reasonably than the ABA splendid of mouth phrases?

—

This story was produced by The 74, a non-profit, impartial information group centered on training in America.

***

Does courting ever really feel difficult, awkward or irritating?

dating header long 1

Flip Your Relationship Life right into a WOW! with our new lessons and dwell teaching.
Click on right here for more information or to purchase with particular launch pricing!

***

On Substack? Comply with us there for extra nice courting and relationships content material.

Be a part of The Good Males Mission as a Premium Member at present.

All Premium Members get to view The Good Males Mission with NO ADS. An entire record of advantages is right here.

—

Photograph credit score: unsplash

The put up Minnesota Autism Activist on Cash, Energy and What Particular Ed Youngsters Actually Want appeared first on The Good Males Mission.

Success Tales

ADVERTISEMENT:

Informasi mengenai KING SLOT, Segera Daftar Bersama king selot terbaik dan terpercaya no satu di Indonesia. Boleh mendaftar melalui sini king slot serta memberikan hasil kembali yang paling tinggi saat sekarang ini hanyalah KING SLOT paling gacor, gilak dan gaco saat sekarang di Indonesia melalui program return tinggi di kingselot serta pg king slot

adu88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://adu88.asia/

agoda88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://agoda88.asia/

aryaduta88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://aryaduta88.com/

bajaringan permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://bajaringan.asia/

bangkit88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://bangkit88.biz/
https://basket88.web/

batu88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://batu88.biz/

berita88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://berita88.biz/

best88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://best88.asia/

booking88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://booking88.org/

ceria88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://ceria88.biz/

cipit888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://cipit888.asia/

dinojp88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://dinojp88.com/

dosen88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://dosen88.org/

eyangslot88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://eyangslot88.biz/

f88bet permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://f88bet.asia/

forwin777 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://forwin777.biz/

gacoan888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gacoan888.biz/

gacor666 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gacor666.biz/

gambar88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gambar88.org/

gemoy888slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gemoy888slot.information/

gercep888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gercep888.asia/

gitar88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gitar88.asia/

gmail88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gmail88.org/

grandaston88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://grandaston88.com/

grandmercure88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://grandmercure88.com/

hermes88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://hermes88.biz/

heroslot888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://heroslot888.information/

hoki222 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://hoki222.biz/

holidayinn88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://holidayinn88.com/

hotelharis88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://hotelharis88.com/

ibis88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://ibis88.asia/

ibisbudget88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://ibisbudget88.com/

indonesia88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://indonesia88.information/

inspirasi permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://inspirasi.information/

janjigacor88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://janjigacor88.org/

jitujp88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://jitujp88.com/

jokiwin88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://jokiwin88.web/

juragan66 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://juragan66.biz/

jwmarriott88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://jwmarriott88.com/

kedai88slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kedai88slot.biz/

kilau88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kilau88.biz/

kimjongun permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kimjongun.asia/

kiw88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kiw88.biz/

koi777 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://koi777.biz/

kucing permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kucing.information/

kudaslot88slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kudaslot88slot.com/

kuncigitar permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kuncigitar.org/

kuta88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kuta88.asia/

madu888slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://madu888slot.web/

maniaslot88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://maniaslot88.professional/

maxbet888slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://maxbet888slot.com/

mercure88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://mercure88.com/

mitra777slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://mitra777slot.biz/

mobilelegends88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://mobilelegends88.com/

moris88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://moris88.org/

motivasi88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://motivasi88.com/

nagacc88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://nagacc88.com/

nasigoreng88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://nasigoreng88.com/

neng88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://neng88.biz/

neototo88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://neototo88.com/

newslot888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://newslot888.biz/

ngopibet88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://ngopibet88.org/

nibung888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://nibung888.biz/

nonstop888slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://nonstop888slot.com/

nova12 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://nova12.web/

novotel88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://novotel88.com/

oli88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://oli88.org/

omset88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://omset88.com/

orientalplay88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://orientalplay88.com/

oxwin88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://oxwin88.com/

oyo88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://oyo88.dwell/

pahala88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pahala88.biz/

paris777slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://paris777slot.biz/

parsel88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://parsel88.com/

pesiarbet88slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pesiarbet88slot.web/

pizzahut88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pizzahut88.web/

planet777slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://planet777slot.biz/

pmg888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pmg888.biz/

pohon88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pohon88.biz/

polaris888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://polaris888.information/

prediksi88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://prediksi88.biz/

puas88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://puas88.com/

pubg88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pubg88.information/

pulaujudi88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pulaujudi88.information/

puma888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://puma888.information/

pusakajitu88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pusakajitu88.com/

qqhok88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://qqhok88.org/

quiz88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://quiz88.biz/

quiz88slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://quiz88slot.com/

rajah permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://rajah.asia/

reddoorz88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://reddoorz88.com/

registrasi88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://registrasi88.com/

ribut88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://ribut88.web/

roblox88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://roblox88.org/

rockygerung88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://rockygerung88.com/

rumah permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://rumah.asia/

microvip888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://microvip888.com

slot demo gacor permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/

akun demo slot gacor permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/

akun slot demo gacor permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/

akun demo slot pragmatic permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/

akun slot demo pragmatic permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/

akun slot demo permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/

akun demo slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/

slot demo gacor

akun demo slot gacor

akun slot demo gacor

akun demo slot pragmatic

akun slot demo pragmatic

akun slot demo

akun demo slot