Being pregnant Justice, a authorized advocacy group, works to guard pregnant people from criminalization and state management. Caitlyn Garcia, a employees lawyer, discusses how fetal personhood legal guidelines assert that embryos or fetuses have authorized rights, resulting in the criminalization of being pregnant outcomes. These legal guidelines prohibit abortion, contraception, IVF, and prenatal care whereas growing surveillance and prosecution. Garcia highlights the ideological roots of those insurance policies and their position in reinforcing conventional gender roles. She advocates for litigation, legislative reform, and public schooling to counteract these legal guidelines and emphasizes the broader battle for reproductive justice and autonomy within the U.S.
Scott Douglas Jacobsen: So right this moment, we’re right here with Caitlyn Garcia, a employees lawyer at Being pregnant Justice. To make sure my details are right, Being pregnant Justice is a authorized advocacy group devoted to making sure that nobody loses their rights as a result of being pregnant or the capability for being pregnant.
The group focuses on defending pregnant people, significantly these most susceptible to state management and criminalization, akin to low-income people, individuals of coloration, and people who use medication. By way of litigation, coverage advocacy, and public schooling, Being pregnant Justice challenges legal guidelines and insurance policies that undermine reproductive rights, together with fetal personhood legal guidelines, the criminalization of being pregnant outcomes, and restrictions on abortion, contraception, and IVF. The group works to safeguard bodily autonomy and reproductive justice within the post-Dobbs authorized panorama. So, in the USA’ authorized context, how is fetal personhood outlined, and the way is this idea used to justify legal guidelines that prohibit or deny reproductive rights?
Caitlyn Garcia: Fetal personhood is a radical authorized doctrine that underlies abortion bans, the criminalization of being pregnant, and sure civil and legal legal guidelines. It’s the concept that a fetus or embryo has authorized rights that supersede the rights of the pregnant particular person and subsequently requires state safety. We’ve seen this doctrine utilized in quite a few circumstances throughout the nation, as Being pregnant Justice has represented people in a number of states.
For instance, fetal personhood is the idea of authorized arguments searching for to grant frozen embryos authorized protections. Due to this, when medical suppliers get rid of frozen embryos, there’s important authorized uncertainty. May they be held civilly or criminally liable? Fetal personhood is harmful as a result of it creates ambiguity within the legislation and generates conflicts between the alleged rights of the embryo or fetus and the rights of the pregnant particular person—finally undermining the rights of the pregnant particular person.
Jacobsen: Fetal personhood is predicated on the concept that personhood begins in the meanwhile of conception. Nevertheless, that is essentially a non secular and ideological place, not a medical or scientific one. So, how would possibly fetal personhood legal guidelines affect entry to prenatal care, abortion, IVF, and contraception?
Garcia: Undoubtedly. As a result of fetal personhood is the inspiration of many abortion bans—asserting that the fetus requires authorized safety—entry to abortion is usually severely restricted. This contributes to maternal well being care deserts, the place people lack entry to important reproductive well being companies. Many states have additionally handed legal guidelines explicitly criminalizing abortion.
In consequence, people who search an abortion might face legal prosecution. Being pregnant Justice launched a report, Being pregnant and the Carceral State, in September 2023. In that report, we documented the best variety of pregnancy-related criminalization circumstances in a single yr since Dobbs v. Jackson Girls’s Well being Group. We recorded 1,396 circumstances during which individuals had been criminally charged for his or her being pregnant outcomes. These expenses included allegations associated to substance use throughout being pregnant, miscarriage, stillbirth, and abortion.
We discovered that 5 circumstances in that report particularly referenced abortion. In these circumstances, both the person had an abortion, or merely considering an abortion was used in opposition to them. I’m at present engaged on a case during which a person’s previous contemplation of abortion is getting used in opposition to her in a homicide case—arguing that as a result of she beforehand thought-about having an abortion, it signifies intent to hurt a new child or a residing baby later. That is extraordinarily harmful.
Nevertheless, we can’t focus solely on abortion, as that might overlook the broader challenge of being pregnant criminalization, which impacts people in a number of methods. We have to separate entry to reproductive well being care from punitive measures, making certain that folks can contemplate their choices with out concern that their choices would possibly later be used in opposition to them in a authorized case.
Jacobsen: Past the legal guidelines themselves, how does this result in elevated criminalization and state surveillance of pregnant people?
Garcia: Undoubtedly. In lots of circumstances, for instance, a mom with a substance use dysfunction might search care at a hospital or from a health care provider, hoping to obtain medical assist, together with prenatal care. Nevertheless, she could also be subjected to drug testing—usually with out her consent. If she checks constructive, she might then be reported to Little one Protecting Companies (CPS), resulting in a household court docket case. In some conditions, legislation enforcement turns into concerned, escalating the scenario right into a legal case.
This authorized entanglement discourages people from disclosing essential info to their well being care suppliers—whether or not about substance use or different medical situations—out of concern that it might be used in opposition to them. Moreover, the collaboration between the medical system, CPS, and legislation enforcement fosters mistrust in well being care suppliers and will increase surveillance and intrusion into the lives of pregnant people and their households.
Jacobsen: One challenge that’s not mentioned as a lot is the by-product results of this ambiance of criminalization—significantly the psychological toll, stress, and psychological well being impacts. Do you hear about this from people searching for your help?
Garcia: Undoubtedly. We see this mistrust within the medical system firsthand. Lots of our purchasers really feel betrayed after being drug examined with out their consent, main them to keep away from medical suppliers altogether. A few of these circumstances lead to CPS investigations, forcing people to endure months of dwelling visits—each scheduled and unannounced.
We’ve additionally seen this happen through the COVID-19 pandemic, which was already a interval of heightened anxiousness. Regardless of this, people had been nonetheless pressured to open their houses for presidency inspections, including to their misery.
Along with legal and household court docket circumstances, we’re additionally witnessing a breakdown of belief inside communities. A very troubling pattern has emerged in circumstances documented in our Harming Fathers report, during which fathers are being deemed neglectful in the event that they fail to manage their pregnant accomplice’s habits. For instance, a father might attempt to assist his pregnant accomplice by serving to her entry substance use therapy, but when the court docket determines that his actions weren’t enough, he should still be charged with neglect—on the grounds that he failed to stop hurt to the fetus.
That is one other instance of fetal personhood being weaponized within the authorized system, reinforcing the damaging notion {that a} fetus has unbiased rights that override the rights of the pregnant particular person.
Jacobsen: However then, there’s mistrust and a breakdown inside households themselves. If one accomplice is deemed neglectful for not controlling the actions of one other accomplice, how can they depend on or belief each other? This creates rigidity inside households, and it’s taking place not simply in sure states—it’s taking place in New York as effectively.
I’ve performed interviews with colleagues in Ghana, the place we mentioned Ghana and Uganda. In each nations, two of probably the most regressive LGBTQ+ payments on the earth had been posed. These payments acquired financing and assist primarily from American evangelicals, who influenced the political and authorized landscapes in ways in which tried to undermine human rights.
Equally, in the USA, the origins of fetal personhood legal guidelines can be traced again. There’s a clear sample of ideological and monetary backing behind these regressive authorized frameworks. Working the clock again right here, the place do fetal personhood legal guidelines originate?
Garcia: We’ve seen these legal guidelines embedded in state authorized methods for many years. Alabama is a first-rate instance. In 2013, the Alabama Supreme Courtroom dominated that fetuses are youngsters at any stage of gestation below the state’s legal and baby abuse legal guidelines. This choice opened the door to pregnancy-related prosecutions.
Extra lately, in 2024, an Alabama court docket dominated that frozen embryos are youngsters or, on the very least, needs to be legally protected as such. This ruling set a precedent that could possibly be used to additional criminalize pregnancy-related choices.
In states like Alabama, present legal guidelines are being manipulated to criminalize being pregnant. For instance:
Legal endangerment legal guidelines: Initially meant to guard youngsters from being uncovered to illicit substances in laboratories, these legal guidelines at the moment are being utilized to pregnant people. Prosecutors have equated the womb to a drug lab, arguing that being pregnant whereas utilizing substances constitutes endangerment.
Mississippi’s aggravated home violence legal guidelines: Initially designed to guard people from hurt, these legal guidelines have been repurposed to prosecute pregnant people who use substances—on the grounds that they’re inflicting hurt to their fetuses.
These examples reveal how legal guidelines that had been by no means initially meant to control being pregnant at the moment are weaponized in opposition to pregnant people. The broader pattern of being pregnant criminalization dates again a few years, however its use has accelerated in latest instances.
Jacobsen: What will be finished legally and thru coverage advocacy? As a Canadian, I acknowledge that my commentary comes from an exterior perspective, however there are three potential paths ahead: Sluggish the unfold, halt their enforcement, or reverse these legal guidelines
Garcia: In authorized and coverage advocacy, there are key methods that can be utilized to struggle again:
Litigation: Civil rights organizations can problem fetal personhood legal guidelines as unconstitutional, arguing that they violate due course of and bodily autonomy.
Legislative advocacy: Advocates can push for state-level protections that explicitly forestall being pregnant criminalization and repeal present fetal personhood legal guidelines.
Public schooling and consciousness: Elevating public consciousness concerning the penalties of those legal guidelines can shift public opinion, which in flip pressures lawmakers.
Intersectional coalition-building: Collaborating with reproductive rights, racial justice, and civil liberties organizations can strengthen opposition efforts.
In the end, the struggle in opposition to fetal personhood legal guidelines is an element of a bigger battle for reproductive justice. It requires authorized, legislative, and grassroots mobilization to make sure that pregnant people aren’t criminalized for his or her reproductive decisions.
We noticed an instance of constructive coverage change in Hennepin County, the place the prosecutor’s workplace introduced that it could now not pursue legal expenses in opposition to pregnant people for substance use. In a sweeping choice, they decided that pregnant people want care, maternal well being companies, and medical help, moderately than punishment for substance use or searching for therapy. This was a serious step towards reversing the harms brought on by earlier prosecutions. Moreover, the workplace said that it could assessment and tackle previous circumstances, offering a pathway for people beforehand charged to hunt reduction.
This demonstrates that prosecutors can take motion to reverse previous harms brought on by being pregnant criminalization. Prosecutors want to acknowledge that their intentions to “protect” people usually have the other impact, resulting in hurt as an alternative. That is significantly evident in Mississippi, the place aggravated home violence legal guidelines have been misused in opposition to pregnant people. Authorized professionals should critically assess how present legal guidelines affect communities and contemplate whether or not sure authorized purposes needs to be deserted or repealed totally—as was finished in Hennepin County.
Jacobsen: The place do you see probably the most pushback in opposition to efforts to problem fetal personhood legal guidelines?
Garcia: I can’t pinpoint a single location the place resistance is strongest as a result of we see pushback in quite a few states throughout a variety of circumstances. You would possibly assume that in a state with constitutional protections for reproductive rights, akin to Michigan, some of these prosecutions wouldn’t occur. Nevertheless, we now have seen circumstances in Michigan the place people have been charged with homicide after experiencing a stillbirth—regardless of the state’s authorized protections for reproductive freedom.
A lot of this resistance stems from an absence of schooling. Many prosecutors consider they’re defending fetuses, however in actuality, their actions hurt pregnant people and their households as an alternative. Reasonably than providing safety, these prosecutions traumatize individuals, criminalize being pregnant outcomes, and worsen already tough conditions.
The pushback usually comes from officers who consider they’re appearing with good intentions however are working below misinformation, nonfactual authorized reasoning, or defective premises. Sadly, these misguided insurance policies trigger actual hurt—even when framed as “protective” measures.
Jacobsen: This sample of state intervention into personal reproductive choices is just not new. For instance, below Nicolae Ceaușescu’s regime in Romania, the federal government enacted Decree 770 in July 1966, which severely restricted abortion in an effort to extend delivery charges. The legislation mandated that girls have a minimal variety of youngsters, subjected them to routine authorities inspections, and created a system of surveillance over their reproductive decisions.
It is a clear instance of how state management over being pregnant can result in oppressive and long-lasting intergenerational hurt. Whereas the American case is distinct in some ways, it’s hanging how insurance policies round reproductive rights can shift drastically relying on political modifications and ideological agendas.
Garcia: One other key challenge is that many of those prosecutions aren’t backed by science. In lots of circumstances, there isn’t any medical or scientific assist for the claims being made in opposition to pregnant people. Criminalizing being pregnant outcomes is usually primarily based on ideology moderately than medical proof, making these insurance policies much more harmful. On the finish of the day, the authorized system shouldn’t be punishing individuals primarily based on pseudoscience or political agendas—particularly in terms of reproductive well being.
Jacobsen: I feel there’s a robust analogy to be made right here. If you happen to take a look at the creationism and clever design circumstances, there was a transparent try to bypass scientific assessment and use the authorized system to push non secular ideology into highschool science school rooms. These efforts had been finally defeated via lawsuits, together with some outstanding ones. I feel the same dynamic is at play right here.
Garcia: Authorized challenges are important to push again in opposition to fetal personhood legal guidelines, however litigation is expensive. I additionally wish to add some context to your level. If you happen to step again and take a wider lens, it turns into clear that that is about way more than simply “protecting fetuses”—although that’s the justification given. Once we look at broader legislative traits, we see lawmakers pushing for insurance policies that reinforce conventional gender roles.
For instance:
Some lawmakers at the moment are proposing the elimination of no-fault divorce.
There was a rollback of affirmative motion and DEI initiatives.
The pushback in opposition to racial and gender fairness packages is accelerating.
It’s essential to acknowledge that folks of coloration aren’t the one beneficiaries of those packages. If you take a look at the total image, the underlying agenda turns into clear: there’s an effort to push ladies again into conventional roles—right into a subservient place targeted on childbearing.
Jacobsen: This goes past simply selling conventional motherhood—it’s an idyllicized or romanticized imaginative and prescient of motherhood that ignores actuality. This jogs my memory of Margaret Atwood’s feedback about how she integrated Nicolae Ceaușescu’s insurance policies into The Handmaid’s Story. Underneath Ceaușescu’s regime, ladies had been pressured to have youngsters, however with out state assist. This is identical contradiction we see right this moment:
The state pushes for extra births however refuses to spend money on well being care, schooling, or household assist.
Garcia: This challenge is not only about whether or not ladies need youngsters or what number of youngsters they need—it’s about controlling their decisions. The long-term results of those insurance policies are devastating, significantly for low-income people and marginalized communities.
The long-term penalties of pressured delivery insurance policies have been well-documented in different nations and historic contexts. International locations which have restricted reproductive rights with out offering ample social assist have seen generations of youngsters born into poverty, with restricted entry to schooling, well being care, and secure household constructions.
Jacobsen: This isn’t hypothesis—we now have concrete proof from historical past that these insurance policies create systemic, intergenerational hurt. And the individuals who endure probably the most are those that already lack household wealth, first rate earnings, and entry to important companies.
Garcia: You’re completely proper—fetal personhood legal guidelines are only one piece of a a lot bigger, coordinated technique. The regressive coverage agenda is multi-pronged, and many individuals focus solely on abortion rights, lacking the broader authorized shifts taking place in parallel. Because of this it’s important to attach the dots between:
Abortion bans
The criminalization of being pregnant outcomes
The erosion of protections for ladies’s autonomy
Broader authorized modifications that prohibit gender and racial fairness initiatives
For many years, the criminalization of pregnant people for substance use has been used as a backdoor methodology to manage and punish them. Nevertheless, each main medical and public well being group opposes these insurance policies as a result of they don’t create a protected atmosphere the place individuals can search care.
These legal guidelines discourage pregnant people from searching for medical assist. As a substitute of selling well being and security, they create concern and uncertainty, making it much less seemingly that folks will really feel protected discussing their medical wants with suppliers.
On the finish of the day, these insurance policies aren’t rooted in medical science—they’re ideological instruments designed to implement a particular social order. That’s the reason the struggle in opposition to fetal personhood legal guidelines should be a part of a broader motion for reproductive justice, gender equality, and human rights.
If you’re pregnant and battling substance use, Suboxone is likely one of the really helpful drugs for therapy. However should you can’t entry it, what occurs? Chances are you’ll keep away from searching for care altogether. And when that occurs, being pregnant outcomes worsen—not only for the pregnant particular person, but additionally for the fetus and new child. This results in increased charges of maternal and toddler problems.
There’s a report you would possibly wish to reference referred to as State-Created Hurt, which examined the implications of Tennessee’s fetal assault legislation. In 2014, Tennessee explicitly criminalized substance use throughout being pregnant. Nevertheless, the legislation was so dangerous that it was allowed to sundown after solely two years. The information confirmed a rise in fetal and toddler deaths as a result of pregnant people had been afraid to be sincere with their well being care suppliers or prevented medical care totally.
From a Canadian perspective, this case is stunning for 2 causes:
Canada has an built-in public well being care system.
Whereas there are challenges—akin to physician shortages and immigration-related pressures—there’s common entry to medical care.
We even have {a partially} applied nationwide pharmacare program, which reduces monetary boundaries to prescription drugs. In distinction, the U.S. system creates monumental disparities in entry to care.
Medical choices ought to stay between a doctor and their affected person.
What occurs between a educated medical skilled and a pregnant particular person needs to be a personal medical matter—not one thing dictated by coverage or legislation.
The intrusion of authorized and state intervention into these choices is a critical violation of privateness and autonomy.
One other downside is that hospitals and medical suppliers are mandated reporters, that means they consider they’re legally required to report sure circumstances. Nevertheless, hospital insurance policies themselves will be examined and altered.
For instance, we now have seen circumstances the place a pregnant particular person examined constructive for opioids—just for it to be traced again to consuming poppy seeds. If the hospital had correctly reviewed its testing thresholds, it might have prevented pointless hurt. Equally, some sufferers take a look at constructive for a substance they’ve a legitimate prescription for, but the consequence remains to be used in opposition to them.
Jacobsen: I’ve interviewed Dr. Gordon Guyatt, one of many most-cited epidemiologists on the earth and a co-founder of Proof-Primarily based Drugs (EBM). In 1991, he co-authored a paper introducing EBM, which has since been broadly adopted in medical decision-making.
One key level he has emphasised is that nations with nationwide well being care methods prioritize fairness in well being care entry. That is evident in Western Europe and North America—outdoors of the USA.
In distinction, the USA locations higher emphasis on particular person privateness or autonomy, which might typically come on the expense of equitable well being care entry. This contradiction—criminalizing being pregnant whereas additionally valuing autonomy—reveals deeper points in U.S. well being coverage.
The American emphasis on autonomy shifts the main target towards personal well being care moderately than public well being care. Nevertheless, there’s little proof to counsel that personal well being care methods are extra environment friendly or present higher companies than public well being care. Moreover, personal methods can’t take full benefit of economies of scale in the way in which that nationwide well being care and nationwide pharmacare packages can.
What cultural boundaries do you see in difficult fetal personhood legal guidelines throughout the broader American worth system? I see this as a part of the argument that life begins at conception, which is essentially a non secular and socially conservative viewpoint. These variations in values and preferences affect well being care coverage throughout superior industrial economies.
So, how do you successfully problem fetal personhood legal guidelines in a context the place important parts of the American inhabitants maintain a unique set of values and preferences in comparison with different high-income nations?
Garcia: Completely. Autonomy and privateness are deeply embedded in American values—significantly in medical privateness and affected person confidentiality. Nevertheless, in a lot of our circumstances, we see privateness violations that contradict these values.
For instance:
Hospitals reporting sufferers to Little one Protecting Companies (CPS) with out informing them.
Medical suppliers sharing personal medical info with out consent.
Pregnant people believing their info was confidential, solely to face surveillance and authorized penalties.
The strain is that this sharing of personal medical info is just not getting used to assist households—it’s resulting in household policing and surveillance. As a substitute of defending people, it creates further hurt.
Because of this many advocates oppose mandated reporting in these contexts. It’s not being applied in a manner that helps households—it’s getting used to criminalize being pregnant outcomes and prohibit reproductive autonomy.
There’s a societal rigidity between:
A want to “protect” households and fetuses.
A dedication to respecting autonomy and particular person decision-making.
On the finish of the day, we should separate punishment from well being care. If pregnant people concern criminalization, they are going to keep away from searching for medical care—which worsens well being outcomes for each them and their households.
Privateness protections, akin to HIPAA, ought to be certain that medical information stay confidential and aren’t used for surveillance or prosecution. If sufferers belief that their info won’t be shared with legislation enforcement or CPS, they’re extra prone to search care and have higher well being outcomes.
One of many key contradictions on this debate is the hole between the American ultimate of self-determination and the fact of reproductive management.
In idea:
The US prides itself on particular person freedom and self-determination.
People worth privateness, autonomy, and the appropriate to make private decisions.
In apply:
Pregnant people are being criminalized for his or her medical choices.
Mandated reporting is resulting in surveillance, not assist.
Reproductive rights are more and more restricted, contradicting the rhetoric of non-public freedom.
This contradiction—claiming to champion autonomy whereas concurrently imposing reproductive management—is on the coronary heart of the problem. On the finish of the day, privateness needs to be a instrument for shielding people, not a selective worth used to justify dangerous insurance policies.
However then, as quickly as a fetus is concerned, your entire framework shifts. All of the sudden, should you wouldn’t have the capability to be pregnant, these insurance policies now not apply to you. Nevertheless, if you’re an individual of coloration, low-income, or in any other case marginalized, the state intervenes and dictates what you’ll be able to and can’t do with your individual physique.
One other challenge at odds with that is the American tendency to depend on the legal authorized system for every little thing.
If there’s a well being emergency, individuals name 911.
If somebody is experiencing a psychological well being disaster, individuals name the police.
If there’s a pregnancy-related challenge, the legal authorized system steps in as an alternative of the well being care system.
However the police aren’t educated for these conditions. That’s not their position—but, for some purpose, they’re regularly the default response.
This one-size-fits-all method is dangerous. We shouldn’t be utilizing legislation enforcement as the first response to:
Being pregnant and substance use.
The opioid disaster affecting pregnant people.
Medical situations that require specialised care—not criminalization.
The elevated opioid-related deaths amongst pregnant people are additional proof that what is required is care, not punishment.
We should utterly separate medical care, being pregnant and reproductive rights, entry to abortion, from the legal authorized system.
Jacobsen: America is a particularly litigious society. Because the saying goes—possibly the answer is to simply declare conflict on it. That appears to be the go-to technique within the U.S. Whether or not it’s the Struggle on Medication, the Struggle on Crime, or the Struggle on Poverty, the framing is usually about punitive measures.
However as we now have seen in the previous couple of weeks, this method doesn’t work. If something, the language and framing of those insurance policies matter simply as a lot as their content material. So, what ought to I be asking subsequent?
Garcia: On the finish of the day:
Well being care should be separated from punishment.
Pregnant people should be allowed to make choices for their very own our bodies and households.
The state shouldn’t be intervening in personal medical choices.
Autonomy should be protected, not restricted.
We additionally want to concentrate to what’s coming subsequent. The assaults on reproductive rights aren’t taking place in isolation. The identical forces focusing on pregnant people are additionally focusing on trans and nonbinary individuals, and different marginalized communities This isn’t only a single challenge—it’s half of a bigger system of management over bodily autonomy.
That is an assault on all of our purchasers. These points are deeply interconnected, and that is a vital takeaway. This isn’t nearly abortion. That is about reproductive justice as a complete. Being pregnant criminalization is a key a part of this broader challenge and should be actively fought in opposition to That’s precisely what we’re doing at Being pregnant Justice.
Jacobsen: I wish to share a fast anecdote.
Final yr, I took an Amtrak journey throughout the USA, touring from Montreal to New York, Boston, Atlanta, Charleston, New Orleans, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Seattle—a journey that lasted three weeks.
Alongside the way in which, I met a variety of People. One particular person I met was a cowboy who owned 400 acres of land, which had been gifted to his household by the King of Spain over 400 years in the past.
One other one who had my seat, I stated, “You can take my seat if you want. I’ll be working in the snack cart on my laptop.” They replied, “Nah, boo. I am Black. I am trans. I am six months pregnant. I don’t want any weirdo sitting next to me.” America is an extremely various place.
It is very important understand that these legal guidelines and insurance policies have actual, specific penalties. Organizations should contemplate not simply the authorized elements of those points, but additionally the real-world affect on individuals’s lives. Many of those insurance policies lack scientific proof, and other people usually don’t replicate deeply sufficient on the philosophical foundations of their beliefs.
Garcia: Scott, if in case you have further questions, I’d be comfortable to comply with up. Thanks a lot—it was nice having you right here right this moment.
Jacobsen: Get pleasure from your chaotic America and occasional good climate.
Garcia: Haha, thanks! Take care.
Jacobsen: Ciao.
—
Scott Douglas Jacobsen is the writer of In-Sight Publishing (ISBN: 978-1-0692343) and Editor-in-Chief of In-Sight: Interviews (ISSN: 2369-6885). He writes for The Good Males Undertaking, The Humanist, Worldwide Coverage Digest (ISSN: 2332-9416), Primary Revenue Earth Community (UK Registered Charity 1177066), A Free Inquiry, and different media. He’s a member in good standing of quite a few media organizations.
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The publish Pushing Again In opposition to Fetal Personhood Legal guidelines appeared first on The Good Males Undertaking.
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