‘Some People Will Die’: Conversations With Nigeria’s Gorilla Hunters

By Orji Sunday

Mongabay traveled to rural villages and concrete wildlife markets, gathering testimonies from hunters who’ve violated cultural taboos to kill apes, in addition to the traffickers and conventional medication practitioners who commerce in ape elements.
Searching stays a key risk to the survival of gorillas and chimpanzees in Nigeria.
Within the traditions of many Nigerian clans, apes — particularly gorillas — are imbued with a deep non secular significance and acknowledged for his or her shut relation to people.
In some circumstances, these beliefs contribute to the safety of apes and powerful taboos towards looking or harming them; in different circumstances, they gasoline a requirement for ape elements for ritual and medicinal makes use of.

On an evening in 1997, Benjamin Dauda killed a gorilla for the primary time. Shrouding his lanky body in darkish fog, he stalked a foraging troop, lastly dispatching his bullet on his mark. It was a large male, he says, struck within the chest.

“When I came close to the dead body, it was exactly like a human being. The only difference is that we humans dress in clothes but gorillas wear fur,” Dauda tells Mongabay. “I was scared to touch it. I was shivering.”

Dauda, 52, hails from Sunkuru, a neighborhood of clans settled within the northeastern Nigerian state of Taraba. He apprenticed beneath his father, who was himself a famend hunter in his time. For Dauda and plenty of of his friends, looking was a path to each survival and fame, handed on as a heritage between generations.

However an uneasy hurdle lay on his path to heroism and heritage: centuries-old totems and taboos forbidding the killing of apes.

Months after the loss of life of his father and sponsor, when unpaid tuition put him on the verge of dropping out of highschool, he took up his father’s gun and turned to the forbidden act.

“I had to kill it [the gorilla] because of money,” Dauda tells Mongabay. “It is a terrible thing to do, but I had to do it because there was no option.”

But, as soon as Dauda ’s urge for food for gorilla cash was kindled, there was no going again. He says he killed greater than 10 gorillas till his profession as an ape hunter got here to a halt in 2013, when he was ceremonially topped because the chief of the Ndola-speaking folks of Ngada, an exalted place unsuited to looking practices.

Non secular motives

Whereas demand for animal protein and hides stay on the coronary heart of wildlife looking in Nigeria, the commerce in ape physique elements is pushed by extra non secular motives. Conventional beliefs within the powers of ape elements nonetheless maintain sway throughout Nigeria. Adherents, together with 58-year-old Okoro Uwakwe, declare to keep up a reference to ancestral spirits by way of rites powered by wild animal elements.

Okoro, who hails from Umu-Ogbuagu in southeastern Nigeria’s Enugu state, is famed for his deep mastery of the ape physique half crafts, charms and rituals. The oral historical past of his clan equates gorillas to people, holding on to myths, lore and legends that imbue apes with supernatural and magical powers. Gorillas, Uwakwe stated, grew to become ostracized from human society due to incest.

For many years, Uwakwe says, he utilized charms and medicines created from ape physique elements to heal numerous sicknesses and circumstances, together with strokes and convulsion, to help childbirth, neutralize poisoning and deter marital infidelity. “There is a lot that can be done with gorilla parts in traditional medicine,” Uwakwe tells Mongabay.

Whereas all ape elements are stated to serve numerous functions, probably the most valued are sometimes the top and the left hand. The latter is regarded as “full of power and magic. It harbors the full strength of the gorilla,” in response to a seer who lives close to Uwakwe.

“If ape body parts are available, it would be the first choice item for making a lot of strong charms and amulets,” Uwakwe says. “Ape heads can be exchanged for the life of someone who is sick to the point of death. We have started using apes as a substitute for human sacrifices many centuries ago.”

In response to oral traditions recounted to Mongabay by a number of elders, rituals to mark heroic moments within the lifetime of or loss of life of warriors or kings as soon as relied on human elements and blood. Gorilla or chimpanzee physique elements, they stated, now function equivalents in cultures the place such rites and rituals persist.

In reincarnation, for instance, ape physique elements are believed to reform and make manner for the protected return of the soul, whereas fending off evil from the residing. Rituals for wealth and fortune, popularly often known as blood cash, would possibly require fortification from ape physique elements.

At the moment, as new buyers finance provide chains and new applied sciences, and goal wider regional markets, the looking and buying and selling of ape physique elements has change into more and more commercialized. Proof from earlier Mongabay investigations recommend stronger cross-border trafficking actions as networks develop refined and clandestine, and as ape populations develop ever scarcer.

Drugs males interviewed by Mongabay even speculate {that a} perceived rise in ritual killing and organ harvesting in elements of Nigeria might mirror a return to human elements rituals that had been as soon as overtaken by ape elements.

Vanishing apes

The Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli), whose fragmented habitats straddle the Nigeria-Cameroon border, stays one of many rarest nice ape subspecies, with an estimated inhabitants of simply 200 to 300 people. An estimated three are killed by hunters annually, in response to the IUCN, the worldwide wildlife conservation authority — a devastating toll for such a small inhabitants.

However Mongabay’s interviews with hunters and traffickers recommend the toll wrought by Nigeria’s gorilla hunters may be a lot larger. Although Taraba state isn’t formally documented as internet hosting any gorilla habitat, most hunters, merchants and traffickers level to it as a hub for looking and buying and selling gorilla and chimpanzee elements, whereas sharing vivid particular person experiences.

These accounts aren’t simply dismissed as sources conflating apes with monkeys. Hunters and traffickers clearly distinguish them from different primates, and gorillas from chimpanzees, citing variations in habits, look and non secular efficiency.

Gorillas are seen as all-around highly effective, with every little thing from their fur to their intestines valued spiritually and herbally. Traffickers say gorilla heads or equal elements, for instance, value 10 occasions greater than these from a chimp, and have change into far scarcer lately.

Conservationists working in Taraba level to a couple theories that would assist the hunters’ declare. Certainly one of them is the proximity of their looking grounds to forest areas in Cameroon identified to be inhabited by gorillas, and to forested border zones that may be traversed by wildlife and hunters alike. Gashaka-Gumti Nationwide Park, partly in Taraba, borders Cameroon’s Tchabal Mbabo forests and is separated by only a few kilometers from Faro Nationwide Park, each of that are habitats for western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla).

Although extra widespread than Cross River gorillas, western lowland gorillas are additionally listed as critically endangered as a consequence of looking, habitat loss and illness.

Chimpanzees are additionally in a critical decline. The IUCN estimates that the full inhabitants of the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) now numbers fewer than 9,000, and certain fewer than 6,000. About half are present in Nigeria, the place the IUCN describes looking for bushmeat and physique elements as the one biggest risk dealing with the species.

Gorilla burials, taboo

In Dauda’s Ngada and a few close by rural communities, retired and lively hunters nonetheless obtain orders from traffickers to hunt apes, at the same time as totems stand in the way in which.

After the night time Dauda killed his first gorilla, he says he was handled by some family members as an outcast, excluded from sharing their meals.

Although repercussions for killing apes aren’t uniform throughout communities, taboos are widespread within the area. In sure communities, ape hunters are believed to die or face sicknesses that go away them with lifetime deformities.

There are circumstances, reportedly, of insanity and household expulsion. “When a hunter kills a gorilla, our people are not happy about it,” Dauda tells Mongabay. “They would see you as an abomination.”

Ezekiel Lamba, 37, additionally a local of Sunkuru, tells Mongabay that he was lured final 12 months into killing a gorilla towards his personal private and cultural convictions, satisfied by a good friend’s case for the cash to be created from a gorilla carcass.

“When I shot at the gorilla’s thigh, the troop scattered. The shot gorilla limped away with a gunshot wound,” Lamba tells Mongabay. “I followed the blood trail on the leaves, caught up with the wounded gorilla and killed it with two more gunshots to the chest.”

When he arrived dwelling with the information, the pushback from his household was fierce. They ordered him to bury the gorilla within the forest, he says, with assist from older family members.

“I knew it is prohibited in my culture to kill gorillas,” Lamba tells Mongabay. “But I assumed my people would accept it because of the big money involved. ”

After burying the gorilla carcass, the drugs males positioned Lamba on a seven-day purifying ritual, which required bathing with natural waters in addition to inhaling the scents of particular herbs as they roasted on the fireplace.

After the rites had been accomplished, Lamba was deemed to be spiritually restored. Nonetheless, tales abound of hunters who weren’t so fortunate. Lamba’s grandfather was certainly one of them.

Many many years in the past, earlier than Lamba was born, he says, his grandfather grew to become terribly unwell after killing a gorilla. When he died, medication males and the household attributed it to a violated taboo.

Hunters referenced a number of examples of deaths, sicknesses, misfortunes and tragedies tied to killing apes, together with those who befell the perpetrator instantly or their buddies, households or family members.

Emmanuel Sambo, who started looking 10 years in the past, says he avoids apes fully. Two months earlier, nevertheless, certainly one of his youthful cousins killed a gorilla, throwing the household into disaster. That night time, Sambo says, his cousin misplaced his speech. He underwent a 10-day intensive ritual to recuperate, till which he communicated in indicators, gestures and nods.

“Our people believe that anyone who kills a gorilla must face some problems. Some people will die. Some people will run mad. And some will suffer from illness for a long time or even the rest of their lives,” Sambo says. “We believe gorillas have some mysteries.”

These myths stay deeply influential, and may stimulate the statement of totems that assist Indigenous conservation practices. Nonetheless, the non secular energy of gorillas may also typically drive formidable hunters to hunt fame by surviving the hazards related to killing a potent, mystical animal. In some communities, those that overcome this worry and peril are celebrated for having bravery, potent charms or divine windfall.

Years in the past, Uba Galadima, a hunter at Sunkuru-Gada, additionally in Taraba state, obtained a heroic reception for surviving a gorilla hunt. By way of the years, Galadima says he killed 5 gorillas, incomes fame for surviving the spell of the gods. “Anyone who is able to survive after killing a gorilla, we usually organize a celebration in honor of the person’s bravery,” Galadima tells Mongabay by cellphone.

As a part of celebrations, Galadima was wearing distinguished conventional regalia, endorsed to mentor looking apprentices, and topped the Sarikin Barka, which interprets into King of Arrow. Meals, drinks and merriment abounded, and visitor hunters from close by communities had been invited to share within the festivities and alternate looking armlets.

From taboo to buying and selling

Within the Nineteen Seventies, following the top of a three-year secessionist civil battle, migrants from southeastern Nigeria started settling within the northeastern a part of the nation, together with Sunkuru. Quickly sufficient, hunters say, the habits and tradition of those visitors started to undermine the protecting totemic practices linked to apes.

“In those days, our hunters never focused on killing chimpanzees and gorillas,” says Umar Likita, an area hunter. He recollects the visits of monkeys and chimpanzees close to properties and the playful exchanges between them and the kids. And the way animal calls, at daybreak and sundown, grew to become a well-liked timer for locals.

“They did not regard our tradition,” Likita says of the southern settlers.

Little by little, these new visitors started to induce Indigenous hunters to kill apes, he says. Migrants additionally financed the acquisition or restore of firearms and different essential looking gear, subtracting the prices from the ultimate worth of the hunted animal. “Buyers used money to convince the hunters. They promised them a lot of money,” Likita says.

At first, hunters say, the demand was for child gorillas or chimps, typically requiring hunters to kill their nursing moms earlier than capturing the offspring. “They bought those babies for plenty of money,” Dauda recollects.

Years later, demand for gorilla and chimp heads grew to become important. At the moment, headless carcasses had been both discarded, buried in forests, or eaten by nonnatives. At the moment, all ape physique elements, together with the pores and skin and intestines, are in excessive demand, with costs various consistent with the perceived efficiency of the precise elements.

“They [Indigenous people] refused to kill or touch apes at the beginning. They usually throw away the parts or bury it when they kill it. We are persuading them to give us the meat and parts,” Akpa Chukwu, a dealer of ape physique elements, tells Mongabay. “But today, some of them have joined us in eating ape meat.”

Clandestine distribution community

Migrants didn’t simply cease at overturning the taboo to commerce; they grew to become the center of a commercialized ape physique half trafficking community. By way of their floor networks, ape physique elements and infants had been shipped to varied elements of Nigeria and past.

Chukwu, who claims to have trafficked greater than 200 apes in over a decade, says he traveled to many villages in Taraba, scouting for suppliers whereas negotiating with and constructing networks of hunters.

Community operations allow the key smuggling of ape physique elements by street. Illicit packages on transit are given false labels, or loaded into luggage, vehicles and containers blended with crops, palm oil and different objects to divert scrutiny at safety checkpoints.

The consignments are sometimes swaddled in a number of hermetic sacks, hidden on the base of the truck in handheld rucksacks and lined with thick veils to masks the sturdy scent. As for stay child chimps, traffickers use perforated baskets to maneuver them between key buying and selling hubs just like the cities of Kano and Yola.

Over time, as the dimensions of the commerce grew, legislation enforcement brokers started to intercept consignments in transit. It was this rising scrutiny alongside main routes similar to Katsina–Ala, Chukwu tells Mongabay, that laid the groundwork for corruption.

Traffickers started to barter their passage by providing bribes to forest officers and different legislation enforcement in alternate for unhindered motion of their consignments throughout checkpoints.

Chukwu says forest officers accepted bribes routinely and solely seized his animals in the event that they didn’t agree with the bribe being supplied. Different offers would possibly require the corrupt officers leaking inside operations or patrol plans to the traffickers.

Mongabay contacted Abdullahi Usman, the Taraba spokesperson for the Nigeria Police Drive, to answer these allegations. In response to a follow-up textual content message, he promised to name again, however hadn’t carried out so by the point this story was revealed.

Some smugglers declare to make use of different routes not monitored by forest guards. These paths are sometimes forest trails. “If you pay enough bribes and build rapport with the forest guards or police, they will not disturb your trade,” Chukwu tells Mongabay. “Even when one is arrested, the intention is not to prosecute the traffickers, it’s just an effort to get bribes.”

As outdated officers and allies get redeployed or retire, the traffickers lengthen their offers to new personnel, tapping into present relationships to handle the handover.

The lifeline of trafficking is networking. And all throughout Taraba and different forested states, traffickers like Chukwu keep a big community of hunters who assure a gentle provide of animal physique elements, particularly in the course of the wet season, when the apes are typically in brief provide as a consequence of diminished looking exercise.

However this shortage of apes is now not only a seasonal affair. Hunters, merchants and traffickers all say ape physique elements have gotten more and more scarce as a result of grim actuality of plummeting ape populations. For ape hunters, this inhabitants decline means longer and extra strenuous looking journeys, which interprets into larger costs for consumers. Searching forays throughout the border into Cameroon are additionally surging.

“Apes were very abundant in the past. It was so easy to find,” Chukwu tells Mongabay. “But today, it’s nowhere near. It can’t be found in many nearby forests.”

Surging costs match shortage

The shortage reported by hunters within the forest is now being felt within the ape physique half markets throughout Nigeria, in response to merchants interviewed by Mongabay.

These animal elements markets are regionally often known as jankara. The town of Ibadan in southwest Nigeria is among the nation’s largest markets for ape physique elements, in response to retails and wholesale merchants. The Ibadan mega markets provide markets in Lagos, Nigeria’s business hub, in addition to dozens of others within the southwest and southeast areas.

In southeastern Nigeria, Onitsha is arguably the largest buying and selling heart for ape physique elements. The town is host to 2 main jankara: Aid and Ose. Merchants in these markets say they get their provides from numerous elements of Nigeria by way of a feeder community of traffickers working in rural forested areas in addition to different greater markets.

“If you visit Ose main markets, you can get up to 50 to 100 ape heads if you so desire. Their supply of ape body parts is quite large,” says Ekene Ezenwoke, an ape physique half dealer who operates from one of many main markets in southeast Nigeria.

Interviews with a number of sources point out that merchants and traffickers management the availability chain and logistics for distributing ape elements. However typically hunters promote their merchandise instantly to finish customers or retail merchants.

Mongabay visited three main jankara in southern Nigeria, together with Ose and Ogbete. In Ose, ape physique elements weren’t on show, in an effort to keep away from occasional raids by legislation enforcement disguised as consumers, however somewhat bought on demand.

Merchants in animal elements occupy a bit of the market bathed within the heady stench of natural mixtures and decaying animal elements of assorted varieties: python skins, pangolin scales, vulture feathers amongst others. On show are colourful collectible figurines, carvings, non secular soaps, coloured candles, prayer oils, chaplets, medicinal roots, stems, seeds, leaves and extra.

Not one of the retailers Mongabay visited had ape physique elements on open show. Some merchants denied buying and selling in such elements, lastly conceding the other after we had been capable of persuade them that we weren’t a part of any undercover mission for native or worldwide intelligence or legislation enforcement businesses. In comparison with comparable visits by Mongabay to wildlife markets in 2019, merchants this time round had been clearly extra cautious of legal guidelines towards ape trafficking, and much much less trusting of unfamiliar visitors.

However this rising consciousness can also be punctuated by misperceptions. Ezenwoke, for instance, says buying and selling apes is unlawful solely when the animal half is contemporary and bloodied.

“The killing of these animals has been banned. If anyone is caught with a large quantity of ape body parts, the person can be jailed,” he tells Mongabay. “But when it is smoked or dried, it is not illegal.”

Merchants have additionally reported a worth surge: a gorilla head goes from 300,000 to 1 million naira ($200 to $670), a drastic rise from 5 years in the past. Chimpanzee physique elements are much more accessible and value a lot much less.

However the buyer base, merchants say, has remained the identical. “Our biggest buyers are people who use apes in African medicine and spiritual practices,” Ezenwoke tells Mongabay.

Altering rituals

Regardless of this loyal buyer base, total patronage is in decline, in response to interviews with merchants and native medication specialists.

Whereas these we spoke with keep a perception within the efficiency of ape physique elements, natural healers and native docs say demand for and reliance on cures created from them is declining.

Drugs males are steadily integrating and pivoting to extra considerable home animals for rituals and sacrifices. “I have been using cow and goat heads because ape body parts are not easily available,” says a local healer in Enugu state.

There’s additionally a a lot youthful technology of African spiritualists who, disconnected from each the historical past and purported efficiency of ape physique elements, are embracing charms that depend on extra available home animal elements.

“Traditional medicine is changing,” says Uzondu Agwu, a practitioner in Enugu, “and native doctors are beginning to develop cheaper medicines that don’t depend on expensive animal parts like apes.”

Banner picture: A western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), a species identified to inhabit elements of Cameroon that border Taraba state. Picture by Rhett A. Butler/Mongabay.

What’s magic with out ape elements? Contained in the illicit commerce devastating Nigeria’s apes

FEEDBACK: Use this manner to ship a message to the writer of this put up. If you wish to put up a public remark, you are able to do that on the backside of the web page.

—

Beforehand Revealed on information.mongabay with Artistic Commons Attribution

***

earth day ad greener together e1551924774796

Be a part of The Good Males Undertaking as a Premium Member at the moment.

All Premium Members get to view The Good Males Undertaking with NO ADS.

A $50 annual membership provides you an all entry move. You may be part of each name, group, class and neighborhood.
A $25 annual membership provides you entry to 1 class, one Social Curiosity group and our on-line communities.
A $12 annual membership provides you entry to our Friday calls with the writer, our on-line neighborhood.

#rcp_user_login_wrap {show: none;}.rcp_form fieldset {padding: 10px !essential;}
Register New Account

Username

Electronic mail

First Identify

Final Identify

Password

Password Once more

Select your subscription degree

Courting Masterclass – $999.00 –
limitless
Courting Masterclass: Find out how to Date and Create Satisfying and Lasting Love and Sexi on this Loopy, Fashionable World

5 Methods to Construct Confidence – $99.00 –
limitless
5 Methods to Construct Confidence and Make Assembly and Courting Ladies Much less Nerve-Wracking

Month-to-month Platinum – free –
limitless

Month-to-month – $6.99 –
1 Month

Yearly – $50.00 –
1 12 months

Sponsored Columnist Annual – $1,250.00 –
1 12 months

Sponsored Columnist Month-to-month – $150.00 –
1 Month

Annual Platinum – $50.00 –
1 12 months

Annual Gold – $25.00 –
1 12 months

Month-to-month Gold – $20.00 –
1 Month

Annual Bronze – $12.00 –
1 12 months

Credit score / Debit Card
PayPal

Select Your Cost Methodology

Auto Renew

By finishing this registration type, you’re additionally agreeing to our Phrases of Service which may be discovered right here.

Want extra data? An entire checklist of advantages is right here.

—

Picture credit score: iStock.com

The put up ‘Some People Will Die’: Conversations With Nigeria’s Gorilla Hunters appeared first on The Good Males Undertaking.

Success Tales

ADVERTISEMENT:

Informasi mengenai KING SLOT, Segera Daftar Bersama king selot terbaik dan terpercaya no satu di Indonesia. Boleh mendaftar melalui sini king slot serta memberikan hasil kembali yang paling tinggi saat sekarang ini hanyalah KING SLOT paling gacor, gilak dan gaco saat sekarang di Indonesia melalui program return tinggi di kingselot serta pg king slot

adu88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://adu88.asia/

agoda88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://agoda88.asia/

aryaduta88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://aryaduta88.com/

bajaringan permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://bajaringan.asia/

bangkit88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://bangkit88.biz/
https://basket88.web/

batu88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://batu88.biz/

berita88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://berita88.biz/

best88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://best88.asia/

booking88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://booking88.org/

ceria88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://ceria88.biz/

cipit888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://cipit888.asia/

dinojp88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://dinojp88.com/

dosen88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://dosen88.org/

eyangslot88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://eyangslot88.biz/

f88bet permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://f88bet.asia/

forwin777 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://forwin777.biz/

gacoan888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gacoan888.biz/

gacor666 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gacor666.biz/

gambar88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gambar88.org/

gemoy888slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gemoy888slot.data/

gercep888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gercep888.asia/

gitar88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gitar88.asia/

gmail88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gmail88.org/

grandaston88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://grandaston88.com/

grandmercure88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://grandmercure88.com/

hermes88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://hermes88.biz/

heroslot888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://heroslot888.data/

hoki222 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://hoki222.biz/

holidayinn88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://holidayinn88.com/

hotelharis88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://hotelharis88.com/

ibis88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://ibis88.asia/

ibisbudget88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://ibisbudget88.com/

indonesia88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://indonesia88.data/

inspirasi permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://inspirasi.data/

janjigacor88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://janjigacor88.org/

jitujp88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://jitujp88.com/

jokiwin88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://jokiwin88.web/

juragan66 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://juragan66.biz/

jwmarriott88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://jwmarriott88.com/

kedai88slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kedai88slot.biz/

kilau88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kilau88.biz/

kimjongun permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kimjongun.asia/

kiw88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kiw88.biz/

koi777 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://koi777.biz/

kucing permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kucing.data/

kudaslot88slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kudaslot88slot.com/

kuncigitar permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kuncigitar.org/

kuta88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kuta88.asia/

madu888slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://madu888slot.web/

maniaslot88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://maniaslot88.professional/

maxbet888slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://maxbet888slot.com/

mercure88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://mercure88.com/

mitra777slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://mitra777slot.biz/

mobilelegends88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://mobilelegends88.com/

moris88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://moris88.org/

motivasi88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://motivasi88.com/

nagacc88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://nagacc88.com/

nasigoreng88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://nasigoreng88.com/

neng88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://neng88.biz/

neototo88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://neototo88.com/

newslot888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://newslot888.biz/

ngopibet88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://ngopibet88.org/

nibung888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://nibung888.biz/

nonstop888slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://nonstop888slot.com/

nova12 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://nova12.web/

novotel88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://novotel88.com/

oli88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://oli88.org/

omset88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://omset88.com/

orientalplay88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://orientalplay88.com/

oxwin88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://oxwin88.com/

oyo88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://oyo88.stay/

pahala88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pahala88.biz/

paris777slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://paris777slot.biz/

parsel88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://parsel88.com/

pesiarbet88slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pesiarbet88slot.web/

pizzahut88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pizzahut88.web/

planet777slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://planet777slot.biz/

pmg888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pmg888.biz/

pohon88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pohon88.biz/

polaris888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://polaris888.data/

prediksi88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://prediksi88.biz/

puas88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://puas88.com/

pubg88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pubg88.data/

pulaujudi88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pulaujudi88.data/

puma888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://puma888.data/

pusakajitu88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pusakajitu88.com/

qqhok88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://qqhok88.org/

quiz88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://quiz88.biz/

quiz88slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://quiz88slot.com/

rajah permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://rajah.asia/

reddoorz88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://reddoorz88.com/

registrasi88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://registrasi88.com/

ribut88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://ribut88.web/

roblox88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://roblox88.org/

rockygerung88 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://rockygerung88.com/

rumah permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://rumah.asia/

microvip888 permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://microvip888.com

slot demo gacor permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/

akun demo slot gacor permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/

akun slot demo gacor permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/

akun demo slot pragmatic permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/

akun slot demo pragmatic permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/

akun slot demo permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/

akun demo slot permainan paling prime dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/

slot demo gacor

akun demo slot gacor

akun slot demo gacor

akun demo slot pragmatic

akun slot demo pragmatic

akun slot demo

akun demo slot